關於建築工程的英文文章和翻譯

1. 求一篇施工方面文章及英文翻譯 謝

高層建築
大體上建築施工工藝學方面已經有許多進步, 在超高層的設計和施工上已經取得了驚人的成就。
高層建築早期的發展開始於鋼結構。鋼筋混凝土和薄殼筒系統已經經濟而競爭性地被用於大量的住宅和商業目的的結構。由於新型結構系統的創新和發展，現在從50到100層的高層建築遍布全美國。
更大高度的要求增加了樑柱的尺寸以使建築物剛性更強，以便在風荷載作用下建築物將不會產生超過一個可接受限度的擺動。過度的側移可能導致隔牆，天花板和其他建築細部的重復性損害。此外，過度側傾可能使建築物的居住者因為對擺動的知覺而導致不便。鋼筋混凝土和鋼結構系統，能充分利用整個建築物固有潛在的勁性，因而不需要額外加勁以限制側傾。
例如，在一個鋼結構中，經濟性由建築物房屋面積每平方英尺鋼的全部平均數量來定義。圖一中的曲線A採用層逐漸增加的數量表現傳統框架的平均單位重。曲線B則表現框架受到所有橫向荷載保護下的平均鋼重量。上下邊界之間的間隙則表現傳統樑柱框架為高度付出的額外費用。結構工程師已經發展了可消除這一額外費用的結構系統。
鋼結構體系。因為一些類型的結構改革，鋼高層建築物得到了發展。此改革被用於辦公大樓和公寓的建造。
帶有剛性帶式桁架的框架。為了將一個框架結構的外柱約束於內部的垂直梁架,可能在建築物中部和頂部採用一個剛性帶式桁架的系統。這一系統的最好例證是在密爾瓦基的威斯康辛州第一銀行建築物 (1974)。
框架筒體。只有當建築物突出地面的所有的柱構件能夠彼此連接使整個建築物成為一個空心筒體或一個勁性箱體時，一幢高層建築的整個結構才能最有效。這種特殊的結構體系第一次大概是用於芝加哥的43層樓高的德威特栗木鋼筋混凝土公寓。而這一系統最重要的應用是紐約的110層樓高的世界貿易中心的鋼結構雙塔。
對角柱桁架支撐筒體。建築物的外柱可以被適當的分隔卻仍能通過在樑柱中線處交叉對角構件連接使之作為一個筒體而共同工作。這種簡單而又極其有用的系統最早被用於芝加哥的約翰漢考克中心，其僅僅使用了傳統的40層樓高建築的用鋼量
組合筒體（束筒）。由於對更大更高的建築物的持續需求，框架筒和對角柱桁架支撐筒可能採用組合使用的形式以創造更大的筒，並仍可以保持高功效。芝加哥110層樓高的西爾斯瑞巴克總部有9個筒，由三排建築物組合而成。一些個別筒體終止在建築物不同的高度，證明了無限建築可能性的結構觀念。西爾斯塔高1450英尺（442m），是世界上最高的建築。
薄殼筒體系。筒結構體系的發展提高了高層建築抵抗側向力（風和地震作用）和飄移（建築物的側向運動）的能力。薄殼筒使筒結構體系有了進一步的發展。薄殼筒的進步是利用（高層）建築的外表面（牆和板）作為與框筒共同作用的結構構件，為高層建築抵抗側向荷載提供了一個有效的途徑，而且可獲得不設柱子，節省成本，使用面積與建築面積之比很高的室內空間。
由於薄殼表面的作用，筒體的框架構件數量減少，使得結構更輕，費用更少。所有標准柱和外牆托梁都採用標准型鋼，使得組合構件的使用和花費最小化。四周外牆托梁的深度要求也被減少，而且樓板上的頂梁對有用空間的佔用會達到最小。這種結構系統已經被使用於 54 層樓高的匹茲堡的梅隆銀行中心。
混凝土體系。雖然採用鋼結構建造的高層建築開始很早，但是鋼筋混凝土高層建築的快速發展在辦公大樓和公寓方面對鋼結構體系產生了很大的挑戰。
框架筒體。由上面討論到的，高層建築最早的框架筒體概念應用於43層樓高的德威特栗木公寓。在這一建築物中，外柱以中心距為5.5英尺（168米）的間隔排列，內柱則用於支撐8英寸厚的混凝土平板。
筒中筒。另一個用於辦公大樓的鋼筋混凝土結構體系是將內部框架筒體與傳統的剪力牆工藝相結合。這種體系由間距很小的柱子構成的外框架筒與圍繞中心設備區的剛性剪力牆內筒組成。這種被稱為筒中筒的體系使設計目前世界上最高（714英尺或218米），總費用只相當於傳統35層樓高的剪力牆結構體系的輕型混凝土建築（52層樓高的休斯頓的殼廣場建築）成為可能。
結合混凝土和鋼的體系也得到發展，這方面的一個例子是由Skidmore, Owings 和 Merrill發展的復合體系。它是採用間距很小的混凝土外框架筒包圍鋼框架內筒組成，因此兼有鋼筋混凝土和鋼結構體系的優點。在新奧爾良的一個 52 層樓高的殼廣場建築便是以這一體系為基礎。

Tall Buildings

Although there have been many advancements in building construction technology in general, spectacular achievements have been made in the design and construction of ultrahigh-rise buildings.

The early development of high-rise buildings began with structural steel framing. Reinforced concrete and stressed-skin tube systems have since been economically and competitively used in a number of structures for both residential and commercial purposes. The high-rise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the United States are the result of innovations and development of new structural systems.

Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable limit. Excessive lateral sway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions, ceilings, and other architectural details. In addition, excessive sway may cause discomfort to the occupants of the building because of their perception of such motion. Structural systems of reinforced concrete, as well as steel, take full advantage of the inherent potential stiffness of the total building and therefore do not require additional stiffening to limit the sway.

In a steel structure, for example, the economy can be defined in terms of the total average quantity of steel per square foot of floor area of the building. Curve A in Fig. 1 represents the average unit weight of a conventional frame with increasing numbers of stories. Curve B represents the average steel weight if the frame is protected from all lateral loads. The gap between the upper boundary and the lower boundary represents the premium for height for the traditional column-and-beam frame; Structural engineers have developed structural systems with a view to eliminating this premium.

Systems in steel. Tall buildings in steel developed as a result of several types of structural innovations. The innovations have been applied to the construction of both office and apartment buildings.

Frames with rigid belt trusses. In order to tie the exterior columns of a frame structure to the interior vertical trusses, a system of rigid belt trusses at mid-height and at the top of the building may be used. A good example of this system is the First Wisconsin Bank Building (1974) in Milwaukee.

Framed tube. The maximum efficiency of the total structure of a tall building, for both strength and stiffness, to resist wind load can be achieved only if all column elements can be connected to each other in such a way that the entire building acts as a hollow tube or rigid box in projecting out of the ground. This particular structural system was probably used for the first time in the 43-story reinforced concrete DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building in Chicago. The most significant use of this system is in the twin structural steel towers of the 110-story World Trade Center building in New York.

Column-diagonal truss tube. The exterior columns of a building can be spaced reasonably far apart and yet be made to work together as a tube by connecting them with. Diagonal members intersecting at the center line of the columns and beams. This simple yet extremely efficient system was used for the first time on the John Hancock Center in Chicago, using as much steel as is normally needed for a traditional story building.

Fig. 1. Graphical relationship between design quantities of steel and building heights for a typical building frame. Curves A and B correspond to the boundary conditions indicated in the two building diagrams. 1 psf = 0. 048kPa.

Bundled tube. With the continuing need for larger and taller buildings, the framed tube or the column-diagonal truss tube may be used in a bundled form to create larger tube envelopes while maintaining high efficiency. The i10-story Sears Roebuck Headquarters Building in Chicago has nine tubes, bundled at tile base of the building in three rows. Some of these indivial tubes terminate at different heights of the building, demonstrating the unlimited architectural possibilities of this latest structural concept. The Sears tower, at a height of 1450 ft (442 m), is the world's tallest building.

Stressed-skin tube system. The tube structural system was developed for improving the resistance to lateral forces (wind or earthquake) and the control of drift (lateral building movement) in high-rise building. The stressed-skin tube takes the tube system a step further. The development of the stressed-skin tube utilizes the facade of the building as a structural element which acts with the framed tube, thus providing an efficient way of resisting lateral loads in high-rise buildings, and resulting in cost-effective column-free interior space with a high ratio of net to gross floor area.

Because of the contribution of the stressed-skin facade, the framed members of the tube require less mass, and are thus lighter and less expensive. All the typical columns and spandrel beams are standard rolled shapes, minimizing the use and cost of special built-up members. The depth requirement for the perimeter spandrel beams is also reced, and the need for upset beams above floors, which would encroach on valuable space, is minimized. The structural system has been used on the 54-story One Mellon Bank Center in Pittsburgh.

Systems in concrete. While tall buildings constructed of steel had an early start, development of tall buildings of reinforced concrete progressed at a fast enough rate to provide a competitive challenge to structural steel systems for both office and apartment buildings.

Framed tube. As discussed above, the first framed tube concept for tall buildings was used for the 43-story DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building. In this building, exterior columns were spaced at 5.5-ft (1.68-m) centers, and interior columns were used as needed to support the 8-in.-thick (20-cm) flat-plate concrete slabs.

Tube in tube. Another system in reinforced concrete for office buildings combines the traditional shear wall construction with an exterior framed tube. The system consists of an outer framed tube of very closely spaced columns and an interior rigid shear wall tube enclosing the central service area. The system (Fig.2), known as the tube-in-tube system, made it possible to design the world's present tallest (714 ft or 218m) lightweight concrete Building in Houston)for structure of only 35 s oriel building the unit 52—story One Shell Plaza of a traditional shear wall

Systems compiling both concrete and steel have also been developed，an example of which is the composite system developed by Skidmore，Owings & Merrill in which an exterior closely spaced framed tube in concrete envelops an interior steel framing，thereby combining the advantages of both reinforced concrete and structural

steel systems．The 52—story One Shell Square Building in New Orleans is based on this system．

NEW WORDS AND PHRASES
1．spectacular 壯觀的，驚人的，引人注意的
2．sway 搖動，搖擺，歪，使傾斜
3．residential 居住的，住宅的，作住家用的
4．commercial 商業的，商業上的，商務的
5．innovation 革新，創新，新方法，新事物
6．boundary 分界線，邊界
7．eliminate 排除，消除，除去
8．apartment 公寓住宅，單元住宅
9．column 柱，支柱，圓柱，柱狀物
10．demonstrate 示範，證明，演示，
11．project 凸出，投射，計劃，工程
12．stress 應力，壓力
13．truss 構架，桁架
14．bundle 捆，束，包
15．terminate 使終止，使結尾，結束
16．facade (房屋的)／E面，立面，表面
17．perimeter 周，周圍，周界，周長
18．encroach 侵犯，侵佔，蠶食
19．high•rise building 高層建築
20．reinforced concrete 鋼筋混凝土
21．spandrel beam 窗下牆的牆托梁
22．shear wall 剪力牆

2. 土木工程相關專業英文期刊原文及其翻譯一篇。

可以看看這個 呵呵 是 土木專業英語上的課文

building types and design

A building is closely bound up with people，for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in .
As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :instrial buildings and civil buildings .instrial buildings are used by various factories or instrial proction while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,employment ,ecation and other social activities .
Instrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining instry ,the metallurgical instry ,machine building ,the chemical instry and the textile instry . factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones and multi-story ones .the construction of instrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings .however ,instrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used .
Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings .residential buildings should suit family life .each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet .public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings, parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition halls ,bath pools ,and so on .all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well.
Housing is the living quarters for human beings .the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing .a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort .a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center .
In the mid-1960』s a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out .a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities .in highly instrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to their work .quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion .the accessibility of public transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work .people we』re chiefly interested in the arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms .
Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done.
An important point in building design is the layout of rooms ,which should provide the greatest possible convenience in relation to the purposes for which they are intended .in a dwelling house ,the layout may be considered under three categories : 「day」, 「night」 ,and 「services」 .attention must be paid to the provision of easy communication between these areas .the 「day 「rooms generally include a dining-room ,sitting-room and kitchen ,but other rooms ,such as a study ,may be added ,and there may be a hall .the living-room ,which is generally the largest ,often serves as a dining-room ,too ,or the kitchen may have a dining alcove .the 「night 「rooms consist of the bedrooms .the 「services 「comprise the kitchen ,bathrooms ,larder ,and water-closets .the kitchen and larder connect the services with the day rooms .
It is also essential to consider the question of outlook from the various rooms ,and those most in use should preferably face south as possible .it is ,however ,often very difficult to meet the optimum requirements ,both on account of the surroundings and the location of the roads .in resolving these complex problems ,it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning regulations which are concerned with public amenities ,density of population ,height of buildings ,proportion of green space to dwellings ,building lines ,the general appearance of new properties in relation to the neighbourhood ,and so on .
There is little standardization in instrial buildings although such buildings still need to comply with local town-planning regulations .the modern trend is towards light ,airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a 「shed 」type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting without sun-glare .

翻譯：
建築類型和設計

建築物與人們有著緊密的聯系，他為人們提供必要的空間，用以工作和生活。
根據適用類型不同，建築物可以分為兩類：工業建築和民用建築。工業建築包括各個工廠或工業生產所使用建築，民用建築是指那些人們用以居住，就業，教育和其他社會活動的建築場所。
工業建築的廠房可用於采礦業，冶金工業，機械製造，化學工業和紡織工業等各類領域的加工和製造。廠房可分為兩種類型：單層的和多層的。工業建築也屬於建築的一種。但是，工業建築與民用建築所用的材料和建築方式不同。
民用建築按使用可分為兩大類：住宅建築和公共建築。住宅建築要適應家庭生活。每個單位應包括至少三個必要客房：起居室，廚房和廁所。公共建築可在政治，文化活動，管理工作和其他服務，如學校，寫字樓，公園，醫院，商店，車站，劇院，體育館，賓館，展覽館，洗浴池，等等。他們都有著不同的職能，這反過來又需要不同的設計類型。
房屋是用以住人的. 其基本功能是提供住房的內容，但今天人們需要更多的住房內容。一個家庭在進入一個新的社區後將知道，現有住房不僅要符合其安全，健康和舒適等標准。還要考慮其附近是否有相應的配套設施，如食品市場，學校，商店，圖書館，電影院，以及社區中心等。
在60年代中期住房最重要的價值是足夠大的空間和方便的出入交通。大多數家庭會首選約半英畝面積土地的家庭住宅，這樣將提供足夠的空間的用以業余活動。在高度工業化的國家，許多家庭的首選是那種盡可能遠離市中心商業圈的住房，即使距離上班地點不得不有一段距離。相當多的家庭首選是郊區的住房，因為他們的主要目的是要遠離噪音，擁擠和混亂。擁有方便的公共交通使得距離不再是一個決定性因素，因為大多數人都是開著自己的汽車去上班了。人們現在主要感興趣的是戶型，房間的大小和卧室的數目。
在工程項目開始之前，要做好建築設計和施工流程,讓人提前知道該建築建成後是什麼樣子以及下一步應該做什麼。
在建築設計中要特別重視房間的布局，其目的是提供最大的便利與可能的用途。在一個住宅建築設計中，布局可考慮以下三個方面： 「白天」 ， 「夜晚」和「服務」。必須注意這些空間區域之間的連通交流。 「白天」房一般包括餐廳，起居室和廚房，但其他房間可能會增加，如書房，並有可能成為一個大廳。起居室通常是最大的，往往是一個餐廳，也或可能有廚房、凹室等。 「夜間」房間包括卧室、客房。「服務」用房間包括廚房，浴室，儲藏室 ，和廁所等。廚房和儲藏室需設置在一起，以方便其房間功能的使用。
此外，還必須考慮各種客房的朝向問題，當然最好盡可能的將那些經常使用的房間朝南設置。然而，在考慮到周圍的環境和地點、道路等多方面因素，往往很難達到最佳要求。在解決這些復雜的問題，還必須按照當地城市規劃條例所涉及的對公共設施，人口密度，建築物高度，綠化面積，建築紅線等的要求，還要考慮到有相鄰建築的情況，等等。
盡管工業建築需要符合當地城市規劃條例但很少有標准化的工業樓宇。現代廠房建築的趨勢是輕質、通風。一般的鋼筋混凝土結構或鋼結構的工廠，可以得到一個「跌」型脊屋頂，把窗戶開向北以便使分布均勻的自然採光不會直射進來造成刺眼。

3. 哪位大哥大姐有有關建築工程或者工程項目管理的英文文獻及中文翻譯可以發給小弟一份！

你這要求也太苛刻了！有時間幫你找找！

4. 5000字關於土木工程類的英語論文，並帶中文翻譯

有一篇施工監控的論文，你查收一下吧，希望對你有用！

5. 某某建築工程公司名稱簡稱某某建築英文翻譯用**building還是**construction

某某建築英文：**construction

construction 讀法 英[kən'strʌkʃ(ə)n]美[kən'strʌkʃən]

n. 建設；建築物；解釋；造句

短語：

1、construction quality工程質量

2、engineering construction工程建設

3、construction company建築公司

4、infrastructure construction基礎設施；基礎設施建設

5、construction instry建築工業

(5)關於建築工程的英文文章和翻譯擴展閱讀

詞語用法：

1、construction的基本意思是「建造,建設」,常用於指抽象的事物，如經濟建設、現代化建設等。用於具體事物時表示某一「建造物,建築物」,還可表示建築物的「結構」,引申用於文學中可表示短語、句子等的「結構」,即「造句法」。

2、construction在句中有時可用作定語修飾其他名詞。constructional work和constructionwork都指「建築工程」，但前者較常見；

constructional worker和constructionworker都指「建築工人」，但後者較常見。

詞義辨析：

in construction, under construction這兩個短語的意思完全不同,前者是「從事建築業」,後者是「在建設中」。試比較:

He is in construction. 他從事建築業。

The new railway is still under construction. 那條新鐵路正在建設中。

construction

6. 建築專業英語文章翻譯

The graation project for a municipal road reconstruction project construction organization design. The project for the municipal road reconstruction project is divided into road works, pipe network engineering, migration and greening works in three parts. The design of quantities rational design based on the engineering staffing arrangements for machinery and equipment, construction methods, construction technology and construction schele in order to ensure that the projects be completed on time and by volume. The innovation of this design lies in the different situations and different construction conditions, establish the corresponding construction programs to ensure the successful completion of projects.The introction of water construction operations, while also considering the construction requirements as well as the minimum number of teams face requirements, making maximum use of resources. Through this graation project, I have a construction organization designed to further understanding of, and for these years to learn the basic concepts of expertise and gained a deeper understanding, thereby enhancing the analysis and to solve practical problems. Involved in this instry for the future has laid a solid foundation.

7. 求一篇與建築工程管理相關的英文文章，博碩士論文，文獻，報刊雜志都行，用作畢業外文翻譯的

Understanding project stakeholders』 perceptions of public participation in China's infrastructure and construction projects

是不是要這個啊回？答